Landscape Impacts on Ecosystem Service Values Using the Image Fusion Approach

The landscape is a complex mosaic of physical and biological patches with infrastructures, cultivable lands, protected ecosystems, water bodies, many other landforms. Varying land-use changes are vulnerable to the world need mitigation management landforms achieve sustainable development, which without proper oversight, may lead habitat destruction, degradation, fragmentation. In this study, we quantify land-cover (LULC) using downscaled satellite imagery assess their effects on ecosystem services (ES) economic values in Ningxia Province, China. Various metrics derived study pattern spatial configuration over 15 years (2005–2020), landscapes evolving. impact LULC change various ES analyzed service (ESV) validated sensitivity index. Finally, level urban sprawl (US) due overpopulation established Renyi’s entropy. Using Landsat 8?s Operational Land Imager (OLI) datasets, MODIS data 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020 prepare map through rotation forest algorithm. Results demonstrate that woodlands, built-up increased distribution time there was decrease farmlands. further suggest connectivity uniformity improved later period several plans formulated by government slight improvement diversity. Overall ESV get improved, while classes such as farmland bodies have decreased ESV, respectively, analysis used test reliability classes. US 0.91 terms entropy, reveals presence dispersion settlements fringes. simulated for 2025 shows urbanization more severe prolonged finally impacts analyzed. an interdisciplinary approach, recommendations maintain despite rapid development globally.